Calidad microbiológica de embutidos crudos: estudio del caso en Latinoamérica / Microbiology of raw sausages: a case of study in Latin America

Introducción. Los embutidos crudos se componen de carne fragmentada y otros ingredientes no cárnicos (sal, especias, fosfatos, nitritos) pero cuya formulación varía según el país; son productos altamente perecederos y podrían representar un riesgo para el consumidor. Objetivo. Los embutidos frescos son de alto consumo en varios países de Latinoamérica, por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es compilar la información disponible sobre la calidad microbiológica de este tipo de productos en la región. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de literatura (desde el 2006 a la fecha) en las principales bases de datos. Resultados. Se determinó que la calidad microbiológica de los embutidos crudos latinoamericanos no es adecuada según la reglamentación. Las bacterias más estudiadas son los microorganismos totales aerobios mesófilos (MTAM), y las bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL); estos dos grupos son los referentes para determinar la vida útil. Los patógenos más analizados son Salmonella spp. y Listeria monocytogenes y llama la atención que Staphyloccoccus aureus no se utiliza como indicador de malas prácticas de higiene o de inocuidad. Conclusiones. En general se confirma que los embutidos frescos podrían ser un riesgo para la salud pública ya que presentan recuentos microbiológicos altos, en ocasiones no regulados. Algunos agentes antimicrobianos como los compuestos etanólicos de propóleos (EEP), compuestos fenólicos y bacteriófagos han sido estudiados. Sin embargo, no está claro si a nivel artesanal este tipo de ingredientes son utilizados del todo. Finalmente, destaca la necesidad de armonizar las metodologías de estudio y la normativa vigente en los distintos países(AU)

Introduction. Raw sausages are products composed of comminuted meat and other non- meat ingredients (salt, spices, phosphates, nitrites) but the formulation varies in each country. Given this nature, raw sausages are highly perishable and may represent an important risk for consumers. Aim. As raw sausages are highly consumed in many Latin-American countries, the objective of this literature review was to compile the available information about studies of the microbial quality of these products in the region. Materials and methods. For that purpose, a literature search was performed on main data bases to compile studies from 2006 to nowadays. Results. In general, it was found that microbiological quality of Latin-American raw sausages is not adequate according to current regulation. Total aerobic mesophilic microorganisms (TAMM) and Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) were the most studied indicators; these two groups are the main reference to establish shelf life. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were the most studied pathogens, and it is noticeable that Staphyloccoccus aureus is not used as an indicator for safety or manipulation. Conclusions. It is perceived that raw sausages in the region could represent a public health risk as they frequently present high microbiological counts, not regulated in many cases. For conservation, antimicrobial agents as propolic ethanoplic extracts (PEE), phenolyc compounds, and bacteriophages have been studied. However, it is not clear if these ingredients are used at the artisanal level, even though it can be assumed that they are not given the high microbial numbers that are reported. Finally, it stands out the need of harmonization of methodologies and current regulation in the countries(AU)

Análise microbiológica da carne comercializada nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, Moçambique / Microbiologiacal analysis of meat sold in the butcheries of Nampula city, Mozambique / Análisis microbiológico de carne vendida en carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, Mozambique

As condições higiênico-sanitárias precárias que caracterizam os açougues de Moçambique contribuem para a contaminação de carnes, constituindo um atentado à saúde dos consumidores. Este estudo visou realizar uma análise microbiológica da carne bovina comercializada nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, Moçambique. Foram analisadas, sob padrões laboratoriais ISO, a carne bovina fresca e as zaragatoas de sete açougues licenciados. A análise revelou que 100% das amostras de todos os açougues foram contaminadas por bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, porém, no limite aceitável de contaminação. Cinco açougues apresentaram valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminação. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas as amostras apresentaram valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, quatro amostras apresentaram valores acima dos limites aceitáveis; e 71% das amostras foram contaminadas por Salmonella spp. Quanto aos utensílios e equipamentos, houve contaminação em 14% das amostras. Assim, recomenda-se a implementação de boas práticas de manipulação de carne nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, de modo a promover a obtenção de carne de qualidade pelos consumidores.

The precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions that characterize the butcheries in Mozambique, contribute to the contamination of meat, which can jeopardize the health of consumers. This study aimed to perform a microbiological analysis of the bovine meat sold in the butcheries of Nampula city, Mozambique. We analyzed, under ISO laboratory standards, bovine meat and swabs from seven licensed butcheries. The analysis revealed that 100% of the samples were contaminated by mesophilic aerobic bacteria; however, the contamination remained within the acceptable range. Five butcheries presented values over 1.5 × 106 CFU/g of contamination. For Staphylococcus aureus, all samples presented values higher than 100 CFU/g; for Escherichia coli, four samples were showed values over the acceptable range; and 71% of the samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Regarding utensils and equipment, 14% of the samples were contaminated. Thus, we recommend implementing good meat handling practices in butcheries of Nampula city to promote the obtention of quality meat by consumers.

Las precarias condiciones higiénicas y sanitarias que caracterizan a las carnicerías en Mozambique contribuyen a la promoción de la contaminación de la carne, constituyendo un ataque a la salud de los consumidores. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de realizar análisis microbiológico de carne vacuna vendida en carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, Mozambique. Se analizó, bajo patrones de laboratorio ISO, carne vacuna fresca e hisopos de siete carnicerías. El análisis reveló que el 100% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por bacterias aerobias mesófilas en todas las carnicerías, pero dentro del límite aceptable de contaminación. Cinco carnicerías presentaron valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminación. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas las muestras presentaron valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, cuatro muestras presentaron valores por encima de los límites aceptables; mientras que el 71% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por Salmonella spp. En las muestras de utensilios y equipos hubo contaminación en un 14%. Por lo que se recomienda implementar buenas prácticas de manejo de carne en las carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, con el fin de promover la adquisición de carne de calidad para los consumidores.

Effects of chewing gum on mask contamination

Aims@#The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chewing gum affects mask contamination.@*Methodology and results@#Two groups of participants were requested to wear a mask for 15 min with (experimental group) or without (control group) chewing gum. Then, masks were collected and CFU calculation and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. We found that temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside of the mask significantly increased when wearing a mask while chewing gum. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in both groups. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Bacillus wiedmannii were found in only the experimental group.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Chewing gum significantly increased the temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside the mask. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. oralis, S. parasanguinis and B. wiedmannii were detected inside the mask after chewing gum.

Contamination status and exposure risk of mycotoxins in Coicis Semen / 中国中药杂志

By investigating the contamination status and predicting the exposure risk of mycotoxin in Coicis Semen, we aim to provide guidance for the safety supervision of Chinese medicinal materials and the formulation(revision) of mycotoxin limit standards. The content of 14 mycotoxins in the 100 Coicis Semen samples collected from five major markets of Chinese medicinal materials in China was determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The probability evaluation model based on Monte Carlo simulation method was established after Chi-square test and One-way ANOVA of the sample contamination data. Health risk assessment was performed on the basis of margin of exposure(MOE) and margin of safety(MOS). The results showed that zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin B_1(AFB_1), deoxynivalenol(DON), sterigmatocystin(ST), and aflatoxin B_2(AFB_2) in the Coicis Semen samples had the detection rates of 84%, 75%, 36%, 19%, and 18%, and the mean contamination levels of 117.42, 4.78, 61.16, 6.61, and 2.13 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. According to the limit standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition), AFB_1, AFs and ZEN exceeded the standards to certain extents, with the over-standard rates of 12.0%, 9.0%, and 6.0%, respectively. The exposure risks of Coicis Semen to AFB_1, AFB2, ST, DON, and ZEN were low, while 86% of the samples were contaminated with two or more toxins, which needs more attention. It is suggested that the research on the combined toxicity of different mycotoxins should be strengthened to accelerate the cumulative exposure assessment of mixed contaminations and the formulation(revision) of toxin limit standards.

Migração de partícula alergênica através de embalagem pet / Migration of allergen particles through pet

Para garantia da segurança dos consumidores muitas decisões na indústria alimentícia são tomadas com "margem de segurança", uma delas é a dispersão de partículas alergênicas em contaminações cruzadas. Em estoques de bebidas embaladas, diversas unidades que não possuem ingredientes alergênicos ou traços são descartadas quando um produto alergênico entra em contato, mesmo que pela parte externa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se a partícula alergênica externa migra pela embalagem de PET e contamina a bebida não alergênico. Para isso, um produto em embalagem PET sem ingredientes ou partículas alergênicas (água) teve sua parte externa exposta a um ingrediente alergênico (soja) em meio aquoso e oleoso por 1, 24, 48 e 72 horas, demonstrando que não há migração para a parte interna.

To ensure the safety of consumers, many decisions in the food industry are made with "margin of safety", one is the dispersion of allergenic particles in cross-contamination. In stocks of packaged beverages, several units that do not contain allergenic ingredients or traces are discarded when an allergenic product comes into contact, even out of pack. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the external allergenic particle migrates through the PET packaging and contaminates the non-allergenic food. A product in PET packaging without allergenic ingredients or particles (water) has your external part exposed to an allergenic ingredient (soy) in an aqueous and oily medium for 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours, and tested if are migration.

Comercialização de agrotóxicos e desfechos de saúde no Estado do Paraná: uma associação não linear / Marketing of Pesticides and Health Outcomes in the State of Paraná: A Nonlinear Association

Resumo Este estudo ecológico teve por objetivo analisar a associação entre a quantidade de comercialização de agrotóxicos e alguns agravos e causas de mortalidade no estado do Paraná no período de 2013 a 2017. Desta forma, realizou-se um comparativo entre as 22 regiões de saúde, identificando a relação entre a taxa de comercialização de agrotóxicos por habitante com as seguintes variáveis: taxa de intoxicações exógenas relacionadas ao trabalho, taxa de intoxicações exógenas por agrotóxicos relacionadas ao trabalho, taxa de tentativas de suicídio e taxas de mortalidade por neoplasias, malformação congênita e suicídio. Para estes três últimos desfechos de saúde, os modelos não lineares selecionados tiveram seus R-quadrado acima de 0,500. A Regional de Saúde de Cascavel se destacou com mais municípios com altas taxas de comercialização de agrotóxicos e desfechos de saúde, ao contrário da Regional de saúde Metropolitana. Observa-se que o perfil dos municípios que têm maiores taxas dos agravos estudados é rural e com produção majoritariamente de soja, milho, trigo, fumo, pastagens e feijão. Dessa forma, ressalta-se a necessidade de rever o modelo agroalimentar convencional e promover políticas públicas rigorosas para controle dos agrotóxicos, além de prevenção de agravos à saúde, fortalecendo os serviços de Vigilância Epidemiológica.

Abstract This ecological study aimed to analyze the association between the amount of pesticide commercialization and some diseases and causes of mortality in the state of Paraná from 2013 to 2017. In this way, a comparison was made between the 22 health regions, identifying the relationship between the rate of commercialization of pesticides per inhabitant with the following variables: rate of exogenous intoxication related to work, rate of exogenous intoxication by pesticides related to work, rate of suicide attempts and mortality rates from neoplasms, congenital malformation and suicide. For these last three health outcomes, the selected nonlinear models had their R-squared above 0.500. The Cascavel Health Region stood out with more municipalities with high rates of pesticide marketing and health outcomes, unlike the Metropolitan Health Region. It is observed that the profile of the municipalities that have the highest rates of the diseases studied is rural and with production mainly of soy, corn, wheat, tobacco, pastures, and beans. Thus, the need to review the conventional agri-food model and promote rigorous public policies to control pesticides, in addition to preventing health problems, strengthening Epidemiological Surveillance services is highlighted.

Calidad microbiológica, satisfacción laboral y de clientes en una empresa fast food, Arequipa / Microbiological quality, job and customer satisfaction in a fast food company, Arequipa

"Fast food" es un fenómeno económico que crece con ritmo acelerado en el mercado peruano, estos deben contar con alimentos seguros de ingesta y personal satisfecho que dé cumplimiento a las normativas higiénicas. Como objetivo, se propuso determinar la calidad microbiológica y satisfacción laboral en una empresa fast food, Arequipa, 2022, cuya muestra fue de 384 trabajadores distribuidos en 11 franquicia. Para la recolección de datos se realizaron tres actividades, 1) la aplicación de un cuestionario de 21 ítems la percepción de los trabajadores sobre las buenas prácticas y el cuidado de los alimentos, 3) la valoración microbiológica de las materias primas que ingresan a la empresa y 3) la valoración de la percepción de los trabajadores de la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. El análisis de datos se hizo mediante estadística descriptiva a través del paquete estadístico SPSS con aplicación de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y Rho de Spearman para la correlacion entre la calidad y la satisfacción laboral. Como resultado, 81,51% en el aseo personal, 79,69% aseo diario, 78,91% prohibición de hábitos nocivos, 77,34% uso del uniforme y EPP y 50,78% limpieza de las manos, catalogándose como "muy buenas", el análisis microbiológico se encontró 35 UFC/ml de coliformes fecales y 31 UFC/ml de coliformes totales con 4 UFC/ml exarcebado en el agua. La satisfacción laboral fue "bueno" en la totalidad de las variables, las pruebas de normalidad fueron menor a <0,05, con un Rho de Spearman de 0,611, aceptándose la hipótesis alterna y rechazando la nula(AU)

"Fast food" is an economic phenomenon that is growing rapidly in the Peruvian market, these must have safe food to eat and satisfied staff that comply with hygienic regulations. As an objective, it was proposed to determine the microbiological quality and job satisfaction in a fast food company, Arequipa, 2022, whose sample was 384 workers distributed in 11 franchises. For the data collection, three activities were carried out, 1) the application of a 21-item questionnaire, the perception of workers about good practices and food care, 3) the microbiological evaluation of the raw materials that enter the company. and 3) the assessment of workers' perception of quality and job satisfaction. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics through the SPSS statistical package with the application of Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Spearman's Rho for the correlation between quality and job satisfaction. As a result, 81.51% in personal hygiene, 79.69% daily hygiene, 78.91% prohibition of harmful habits, 77.34% use of uniform and PPE and 50.78% hand cleaning, being classified as " very good", the microbiological analysis found 35 CFU/ml of fecal coliforms and 31 CFU/ml of total coliforms with 4 CFU/ml exacerbated in the water. Job satisfaction was "good" in all the variables, the normality tests were less than <0.05, with a Spearman's Rho of 0.611, accepting the alternate hypothesis and rejecting the null(AU)

Padronização de uma PCR multiplex para a detecção de fraude em leite bubalino e caprino por adição de leite bovino / Standardization of a multiplex PCR for detection of fraud in buffalo and goat milk by addition of bovine milk

O consumo de leite de espécies como bubalino e caprino tem se popularizado por representarem uma alternativa para indivíduos que possuem restrições alimentares relacionadas ao leite bovino e em virtude das propriedades nutricionais desses alimentos. No entanto, fatores como a baixa produção e a sazonalidade predispõem a adulterações destes alimentos, principalmente pela adição de leite bovino, visando maior rendimento e lucratividade. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi padronizar um método de PCR multiplex para autenticação de leites bubalino e caprino. Para isso, amostras de leite exclusivamente de cada espécie foram utilizados para a padronização da técnica. Em seguida, foi realizada a fraude pela adição de leite bovino ao caprino e ao bubalino, em proporções de 0,1% até 100%. A técnica foi eficaz, precisa, rápida e prática para a detecção do DNA de bovino, bubalino e caprino, separadamente e em conjunto. Na fraude experimental, o limite de detecção da técnica ocorreu a partir do menor percentual testado (0,1%) tanto no leite caprino quanto no bubalino. Dessa forma, a PCR multiplex testada mostrou ser uma importante ferramenta para a autenticação de leite, pendendo ser utilizada para fins de fiscalização por órgãos competentes.

Milk consumption of species such as buffalo and goat has become popular due to the nutritional properties of these foods and because they represent an alternative for individuals who have dietary restrictions related to bovine milk. However, factors such as low production and seasonality predispose to adulteration, mainly by the addition of bovine milk, aiming at higher yield and profitability. Thus, the aim of the present study was to standard a multiplex PCR method for buffalo and goat milks authentication. For this, the milks exclusively of each species were used to standardize the technique. Subsequently, fraud was performed by the addition of bovine milk to goat and buffalo in proportions from 0.1% to 100%. The technique was effective and accurate for detecting bovine, buffalo and goat DNA separately and together quickly and practically. In experimental fraud, the detection limit of the technique occurred from the lowest percentage tested (0.1%) in both goat and buffalo milk. Thus, the multiplex PCR tested proved to be an important tool for milk authentication, pending to be used for supervision by competent agencies.

Potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria spp. in Brazilian unpasteurized cheese production / Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria spp. potencialmente patogênicos na produção de queijos não pasteurizados

This study aimed to identify potentially pathogenic microorganisms (Listeria innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and several virulence genes) in unpasteurized cheese production in the northeastern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Listeria species were detected in 68 (64.14%) out of 106 samples of bovine feces, swabs from milkers' and cheese handlers' hands, milking buckets, raw milk, whey, water, cheese processing surface,s and utensils. All the samples collected at one farm were contaminated with Listeria spp. L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, or L. monocytogenes were not detected in the samples collected in this study. A set of 391 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained in these samples, from which 60 (15.31%) were identified as S. aureus using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). S. aureus carrying virulence genes (eta, hlg, seg, seh, sei) were detected in milk, in swabs from cheese handler's hands, whey, milk, sieves, buckets, and cheese. The hlg gene (encodes gamma hemolysin) was detected in all the S. aureus isolates. These findings show that poor hygienic practice is associated with a higher risk of pathogenic bacteria in milk or cheese, providing useful information for public health authorities to increase food safety surveillance and prevent the dissemination of pathogens.

O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos (Listeria innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus e diversos genes de virulência) na produção de queijos de leite cru na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Listeria foram detectadas em 68 (64,14%) das 106 amostras obtidas de fezes bovinas, suabes das mãos de ordenhadores e queijeiros, baldes, leite cru, soro, água, superfícies e utensílios da produção de queijos. Todas as amostras coletadas em uma fazenda estavam contaminadas com Listeria spp. L. innocua, L. seeligeri, L. ivanovii, e L. monocytogenes não foram detectadas nas amostras coletadas nesse estudo. Um conjunto de 391 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. foram obtidos das amostras, e desses 60 (15,31%) foram identificados como S. aureus pela PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). S. aureus contendo genes de virulência (eta, hlg, seg, seh, sei) foram detectados em leite, mãos dos ordenhadores, soro, utensílios e queijos. O gene hlg (gama-hemolisina)foi detectado em todos os isolados de S. aureus.Esses resultados demonstram que práticas inadequadas de higiene estão associadas com um maior risco da presença de bactérias patogênicas no leite e queijos crus, fornecendo informações para as autoridades de saúde pública para incrementarem a vigilância e prevenirem a disseminação de patógenos.

Ocorrência de perigos físicos em alimentos / Occurrence of physical hazards in food

A ocorrência de matérias estranhas com potencial perigo físico em alimentos é um grande desafio para a indústria alimentícia, e a análise microscópica é provavelmente o instrumento mais útil para detectá-las e identificá-las. Considerando a escassez de dados sobre os perigos físicos em produtos alimentícios no Brasil, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever essa ocorrência nos produtos analisados no Núcleo de Morfologia e Microscopia do Centro de Alimentos do Laboratório Central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (IAL), em São Paulo, no período de 2008 a 2020. Os resultados revelaram que, das 7.221 amostras de alimentos analisadas, 89 (1,2%) estavam em desacordo com a legislação em vigor, por conterem perigos físicos. De acordo com a categoria de alimentos, a ocorrência foi maior para bebidas (43%), seguida de cereais, farinha e farelo (22%). Quanto ao tipo de matéria estranha, os plásticos (duros e flexíveis) foram os mais frequentes (48%), seguidos dos metais (15%) entre as partículas perigosas detectadas nas amostras. A detecção e identificação de perigos físicos, por meio de análises microscópicas, contribuem para a segurança e qualidade dos produtos alimentícios oferecidos à população (AU).

The occurrence of physical hazards in food is a great challenge for the food industry, and microscopic analysis is probably the most useful instrument to detect and identify them. Considering the scarcity of data on physical hazards in food products in Brazil, the aim of this study was to describe this occurrence in the products analyzed at the Nucleus of Morphology and Microscopy of the Food Center of the Adolf Lutz Institute's Central Laboratory (IAL) in São Paulo, from 2008 to 2020. Results revealed that of the 7,221 analyzed food samples, 89 (1.2%) did not comply with the legislation due to the presence of physical hazards. According to the food category, the occurrence was higher in beverages (43%), followed by cereals, yeasts, flour and bran (22%). Regarding the type of foreign matter, among the dangerous particles detected, the most frequently found were plastics (48%) (hard and flexible), followed by metals (15%). The detection and identification of physical hazards by microscopic analysis contributes to the safety and quality of food products offered to the public. (AU)

Vigilancia epidemiológica de brotes de enfermedades trasmitidas por alimentos en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Epidemiologic surveillance of diseases outbreaks transmitted by foods in Santiago de Cuba province

Introducción: Las enfermedades trasmitidas por alimentos se producen por la ingestión de alimentos y/o bebidas contaminados. Objetivo: Identificar los agentes causales que influyen en la aparición de estas enfermedades. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal del total de brotes de enfermedades trasmitidas por alimentos en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2018 hasta diciembre de 2019. Las variables analizadas fueron: número de brotes, muestras de alimentos y muestras de heces fecales para coprocultivo, entre otras. Resultados: En todos los brotes se aisló un solo tipo de agente bacteriano, con predominio de las bacterias gramnegativas, donde la Salmonella fue el microorganismo más identificado. Los principales grupos de alimentos relacionados con la aparición de dichos brotes resultaron ser la carne y sus derivados, así como la ensalada fría. Conclusiones: La vigilancia epidemiológica de brotes de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos, permitió identificar el verdadero agente causal en los brotes de ETA, al demostrarse identidad entre los aislamientos bacterianos obtenidos de muestras de alimentos y heces fecales.

Introduction: Diseases transmitted by foods take place due to the ingestion of foods and/or contaminated drinks. Objective: To identify the causal agents that influence in the emergence of these diseases. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of all the diseases outbreaks transmitted by foods was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2018 to December, 2019. The analyzed variables were: number of outbreaks, samples of foods and samples of stools for coproculture, among others. Results: In all the outbreaks a single type of bacterial agent was isolated, with prevalence of the gram-negative bacterias, where Salmonella was the most identified microorganism. The main groups of foods related to the emergence of these outbreaks were meat and its derived products, as well as cold salad. Conclusions: The epidemiologic surveillance of diseases outbreaks transmitted by foods, allowed to identify the true causal agent in the FTD outbreaks, when the identity between the bacterial isolations obtained from samples of foods and stools was demonstrated.

Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat / Contaminação parasítica de vegetais frescos vendidos em mercados abertos: uma ameaça para a saúde pública

Vegetables eating raw are a leading source of transmission of infective forms of pathogenic internal parasites among human beings. This research was conducted from April to October, 2017 to assess the parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at main vegetable markets in districts Lower Dir and Peshawar, Pakistan. Eight hundred specimens of different vegetables were purchased and soaked in physiological saline solution, shaken with a mechanical shaker for 20 minutes and processed by sedimentation concentration method. Results revealed that only 19.7% (n=158/800) of the vegetables were found to be contaminated with single or multiple parasite species. Ascaris lumbricoides (the large round worm) 12.3% (n=99/800) was the most commonly detected pathogen and Taenia saginata (the beef tapeworm) 1.62% (n=13/800) was the least frequently detected one. Interestingly, significant p value (p>0.05 at 95%CI) between the number of examined and contaminated for all the variables studied including education status of the vendors, markets location, type of vegetables, means of display, washed before display, washing source of water and market type. The findings of this study evidenced that consumption of raw vegetables possesses great risk of getting parasitic infections in Lower Dir and Peshawar districts, Pakistan. Instructing the sellers and the public about parasitic disease transfer and their hygiene can reduce the infection rate of parasites of human origin.

Os vegetais crus são a principal fonte de transmissão de formas infecciosas de parasitas internos patogênicos entre os seres humanos. Esta pesquisa foi realizada de abril a outubro de 2017 para avaliar a contaminação parasitária de vegetais vendidos nos principais mercados de vegetais nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, Paquistão. Oitocentos exemplares de diferentes vegetais foram adquiridos e embebidos em solução salina fisiológica, agitados em agitador mecânico por 20 minutos e processados pelo método de concentração por sedimentação. Os resultados revelaram que apenas 19,7% (n = 158/800) das hortaliças estavam contaminadas com uma ou várias espécies de parasitas. Ascaris lumbricoides (o verme redondo grande) 12,3% (n = 99/800) foi o patógeno mais comumente detectado e Taenia saginata (a tênia da carne) 1,62% (n = 13/800) foi o menos freqüentemente detectado. Curiosamente, valor de p significativo (p> 0,05 em IC de 95%) entre o número de examinados e contaminados para todas as variáveis estudadas incluindo escolaridade dos vendedores, localização dos mercados, tipo de vegetais, meios de exposição, lavado antes da exposição, fonte de lavagem de água e tipo de mercado. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciaram que o consumo de vegetais crus possui grande risco de contrair infecções parasitárias nos distritos de Lower Dir e Peshawar, no Paquistão. Instruir os vendedores e o público sobre a transferência de doenças parasitárias e sua higiene pode reduzir a taxa de infecção de parasitas de origem humana.

Evaluation of vegetables grown in dry mountainous regions for soil transmitted helminths contamination / Avaliação de vegetais para contaminação por helmintos transmitida pelo solo em quatro distritos da divisão de Malakand: noroeste do Paquistão

Infection caused by geo-helminth parasites are called geohelminthiasis are one of the global health problems. Vegetables eaten raw is the principal source of transmission of geo-helminth parasites. Pakistani people believe that eating raw vegetables are a significant source to get important vitamins and minerals. Based on the high incidence of pathogenic parasites and cultivating different vegetable types in the study areas, we conducted this study to evaluate the geo-helminth contamination of raw vegetables in northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This is a descriptive study comprised, 1942 samples of 25 various types of vegetables. The samples were examined in physiological saline solution using sedimentation and centrifugation methods. The findings were analyzed by Graph-Pad version 5. P value less than 0.05 (95% CI) was considered significant. Results showed that 16.5% (n=322) of all vegetables were contaminated with one or more type of geo-helminth parasites. Garlic was the highest (35%) and cauliflower the lowest (4%) contaminated samples respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common geohelminth found followed by hook worm species while Trichuris trichura was the least in all the vegetable samples. Leafy vegetables were highly contaminated 25.3% than vegetables with root parts 21.2% and fruity 9.09%. More than half of the contaminated vegetables were contaminated with single species of geo-helminth (P<0.05) while less than half with multiple types of geo-helminth contamination. Ninety two vegetables samples were contaminated with 2 species of parasites (P<0.05) and 45 with 3 (P>0.05) species of geo-helminth parasites. Education level of vendors and means of display were not significantly associated while types of vegetable used were significantly associated with the prevalence of parasites. The findings of this study provide evidence that consumption of raw vegetable has a high risk of acquiring geo-helminth infections. The authors believe that preventing the human to enter to the vegetable farmland for defecation, avoiding the irrigation of agricultural fields via night soil, and educating the people on proper washing and cooking of vegetables may be useful in reducing parasitic infections.

As infecções causadas por parasitas geo-helmínticos são chamados de geohelmintíases e são um dos problemas de saúde globais. Os vegetais comidos crus são a principal fonte de transmissão dos parasitas geo-helmínticos. O povo paquistanês acredita que comer vegetais crus é uma fonte significativa para obter vitaminas e minerais importantes. Com base na alta incidência de parasitas patogênicos e no cultivo de diferentes tipos de vegetais nas áreas de estudo, conduzimos este estudo para avaliar a contaminação por geo-helmintos de vegetais crus no noroeste de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo composto por 1942 amostras de 25 tipos diversos de vegetais. As amostras foram examinadas em solução salina fisiológica utilizando métodos de sedimentação e centrifugação. Os achados foram analisados pelo Graph-Pad versão 5. O valor de P menor que 0,05 (IC 95%) foi considerado significativo. Os resultados mostraram que 16,5% (n = 322) de todas as hortaliças estavam contaminadas com um ou mais tipos de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O alho foi a amostra mais contaminada (35%) e a couve-flor a menos (4%), respectivamente. Ascaris lumbricoides foi o geo-helmíntico mais comum encontrado, seguido por espécies de verme-anzol, enquanto Trichuris trichura foi o menos encontrado em todas as amostras de vegetais. Os vegetais folhosos foram altamente contaminados 25,3% do que os vegetais com partes de raiz 21,2% e frutados 9,09%. Mais da metade dos vegetais contaminados estavam contaminados com uma única espécie de geo-helmintos (P <0,05), enquanto menos da metade com vários tipos de contaminação com geo-helmintos. Noventa e duas amostras de vegetais estavam contaminadas com 2 espécies de parasitas (P <0,05) e 45 com 3 (P> 0,05) espécies de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O nível de escolaridade dos vendedores e os meios de exibição não foram significativamente associados, enquanto os tipos de vegetais usados foram significativamente associados à prevalência de parasitas. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem evidências de que o consumo de vegetais crus tem um alto risco de adquirir infecções por geo-helmintos. Os autores acreditam que impedir que o ser humano entre na terra de hortaliças para defecação, evitar a irrigação de campos agrícolas via solo noturno e educar as pessoas sobre a lavagem e cozimento adequados de vegetais pode ser útil na redução de infecções parasitárias.

Detection of enteropathogens and research of pesticide residues in Lactuca sativa from traditional and agroecological fairs / Detecção de enteropatógenos e pesquisa de resíduos de agrotóxicos em Lactuca sativa de feiras tradicionais e agroecológicas

Agroecological production represents a new reality in vegetable farming. Thus, the study aimed to search for the presence of pesticides in agroecological samples and microbiological and parasitological contamination in Lactuca sativa L. of agroecological and conventional fairs in Alagoas. Thirty-two samples were collected, a hygienicsanitary checklist was performed, along with coliform, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus research and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for pesticide research; using two methodologies for parasitological studies. Thirty-two samples were analyzed, with a sanitary adequacy level at 45% and 38% for fairs (agroecological and conventional) respectively, with three samples (9.4%) in total, being adequate to the microbiological pattern according to RDC no. 12/2001. Among the 23 samples which were tested positive for parasites, 69.5% originated from samples extracted at conventional fairs, and 53% of every positive samples presented Entamoeba coli as the main contaminant. All together, no traces of deltamethrin were detected, but in two of the samples a peak retention for diphenoconazole was detected. In conclusion, the fairs represent an adequate environment for human pathogens and indicators. Therefore greater hygiene training of vegetable traders and consumers in the state of Alagoas is required, especially in conventional fairs, which presented more critical microbiological and parasitological indexes comparing to fairs with agroecological products; however, the presence of difenoconazole in two samples of agricultural fairs suggests accidental contamination or indiscriminate use of this chemical in the production of Lactuca sativa, however, products with agroecological origin represents a better choice for the consumers.

A produção agroecológica representa uma nova realidade no cultivo das hortaliças. Assim, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar a presença de agrotóxicos em amostras agroecológicas e analisar a contaminação microbiológico e parasitológico em Lactuca sativa L. de feiras agroecológicas e convencionais de Alagoas. Foram coletadas 32 amostras, realizando checklist higiênico-sanitário, análises de coliformes, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus e Cromatografia Gasosa com Espectrômetro de Massas (GC-MS) para pesquisa de agrotóxicos; utilizando-se duas metodologias para estudos parasitológicos. Foram analisadas 32 amostras, com nível de adequação sanitária de 45% e 38% para feiras (agroecológicas e convencionais) respectivamente, sendo três amostras no total (9,4%) adequadas a padrão microbiológico segundo RDC n° 12//2001; Dentre as 23 amostras positivas para parasitos, 69,5% teve origem em amostras de feiras convencionais, e 53% de todas as amostras positivas apresentaram Entamoeba coli como principal contaminante, juntamente, não foi detectado traços de deltametrina, porem foi visualizado em duas amostras, pico de retenção para padrão de difenoconazol. Concluindo-se que as feiras representam um ambiente adequado para patógenos humanos e indicadores, necessitando de uma maior higienização e treinamento dos comerciantes e consumidores de hortaliças do estado de Alagoas, principalmente em feiras convencionais, que apresentaram índices microbiológicos e parasitológicos mais críticos em relação a feiras com produtos agroecológicos; mas, a presença de difenoconazole em duas amostras de feiras agroecológicas sugerem contaminação acidental ou uso indiscriminado deste químico em produção da Lactuca sativa L., todavia os produtos de origem agroecológica representam uma melhor escolha para o consumidor.

Occurrence of potentially highly pathogenic free-living amoebae in ready made salads from restaurants in Jatai, Goias, Brazil

Free-living amoebae (FLA) are part of a group of protozoa found worldwide and in the most diverse environments. They resist various temperatures and disinfection methods, and are a risk to human health. Pathogenic strains grow at high temperatures and under hyperosmolarity conditions. Some FLA genera are mainly related to primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), skin ulcerations, corneal lesions, kidney and lung infections and keratitis. Therefore, studies that assess the pathogenic potential of FLA are public health issues of great concern. We aimed to evaluate the pathogenic potential of FLA isolated in salads from restaurants in vitro, using osmotolerance and thermotolerance tests. Forty-five isolates were used from ready-made salads purchased in restaurants in Jatai, Goias. Twelve isolates subjected to the osmotolerance test (26.6%) showed growth in 0.5 M mannitol, 18 (40.0%) in 1.0 M mannitol and 16 (35.5%) in 1.5 M mannitol, 13 (28.8%) isolates did not show growth. Four isolates that underwent the thermotolerance test (8.9%) showed growth at 25°C, 8 (17.8%) showed growth at 30°C, 3 (6.7%) showed growth at 37°C and 30 (66.7%) did not show growth. With the indices obtained in the present study, we concluded that 15.6% of the isolates were osmotolerant and thermotolerant. Our findings highlight a public health problem once these FLA are associated with harboring or being harbored by microorganisms responsible for diseases such as diarrhea and meningitis. Measures are required to improve food hygiene and so avoid FLA-related health problems.

Infestación de Musca domestica L. (Díptera, Muscidae) en faenadoras avícolas / Infestation of Musca domestica L. (Diptera, Muscidae) in poultry slaughterhouses

Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) es la mosca más común en todo el mundo. Más de 100 patógenos pueden causar enfermedades en humanos y animales por este tipo de insectos. Estos patógenos incluyen: diarrea infantil, ántrax, cólera, oftalmía, disentería bacilar, fiebre tifoidea y tuberculosis. Además, las moscas domésticas transmiten muchos de los huevos de helmintos como Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, y especies de Dipylidium, Diphyllobothriam, Hymenolepis, Taenia y Trichomonas. También puede transmitir quistes de protozoos y trofozoítos como E. histolytica y Giardia lamblia. Se determinó el índice de infestación por Musca domestica L. (Díptera, Muscidae) en una faenadora avícola ubicada en el Perú. Para ello se evaluó no sólo el tratamiento aplicado: protocolo de cola entomológica (T1), monitoreo de insfectación de mosca (T2) o comincación de lámparas LED UV más tabla de pegamento adhesivo (T3), sino también las diferentes zonas de faenadora: zonas sucias de descarga y estabulación (ZDE), preparación (ZP), zonas adicionales de sacrificio sanitario (ZSS), preparación de residuos orgánicos (ZPRO), conservación de los residuos orgánicos (ZCRO) y de conservación de sangre (ZCS). Los resultados demoestraron que, independientemente de la zona de operación, el tratamiento más efectivo para determinar la infestación por la mosca doméstica fue el combinado de lámpara LED junto con tablas de pegamento (T3), seguido del tratamiento de protocolo de cola entomológica (T1) y el tratamiento por Monitoreo de infestación de moscas (T2) independientemente de los días de recolección. Es importante seguir las diferentes normativas a fin de controlar y eliminar la presencia de moscas (y de otros insectos voladores) para evitar la contaminación y, por ende, enfermedades(AU)

Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) is the most common fly in the world. More than 100 pathogens can cause diseases in humans and animals by these types of insects. These pathogens include: infant diarrhea, anthrax, cholera, ophthalmia, bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In addition, houseflies transmit many of the eggs of helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, and Dipylidium, Diphyllobothriam, Hymenolepis, Taenia, and Trichomonas species. It can also transmit cysts of protozoa and trophozoites such as E. histolytica and Giardia lamblia. The infestation index by Musca domestica L. (Diptera, Muscidae) was determined in a poultry slaughterhouse located in Peru. For this, not only the applied treatment was evaluated: entomological glue protocol (T1), fly infestation monitoring (T2) or combination of UV LED lamps plus adhesive glue table (T3), but also the different slaughter areas: unloading and holding areas (ZDE), preparation (ZP), additional stamping-out areas (ZSS), preparation of organic waste (ZPRO), conservation of organic waste (ZCRO) and blood conservation (ZCS). The results showed that, regardless of the area of operation, the most effective treatment to determine housefly infestation was the LED lamp combined with glue boards (T3), followed by the entomological glue protocol treatment (T1 ) and the treatment by Monitoring of fly infestation (T2) regardless of the days of collection. It is important to follow the different regulations in order to control and eliminate the presence of flies (and other flying insects) to avoid contamination and, therefore, diseases(AU)

Parasitological analysis of vegetables sold in supermarkets and free markets in the city of Taguatinga, Federal District, Brazil

Parasitosis are the most common diseases in the world, they are responsible for relevant negative consequences in the individuals´ health. The consumption of vegetables in Brazil and in the world is common due to their high nutritional value and they are recommended to be included in the population´s diet. Contaminations in vegetables are most often caused by irrigation water which is contaminated by feces, other forms of contamination are through organic manure containing fecal waste and the contact of vegetables with animals where they are grown. This research evaluated the contamination in vegetables with the purpose of warning the community about hygiene and the correct approach of food handling in order to prevent parasitic infections, contributing to people´s health. Samples were collected from supermarkets and farmers´ markets, where we obtained a total of 30 samples that were analyzed using Hoffman, centrifugation and slide reading´s techniques. In all samples, parasites were found. In six samples non-pathogenic amoebas were found, however this finding means that there was contamination from human or animal feces. And, in the other 24 samples, parasitic structures that cause damage to health were found. This work showed a high level of contamination of the vegetables that are consumed daily by the population and the diseases caused by food which are a concern for the public health. Contaminated vegetables are dangerous considering the transport of parasites that may generate human infections, therefore the importance to create public policies in order to avoid parasitic infections.

Aflatoxins and fungal community distribution during harvesting and processing of Platycladi Semen / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to analyze aflatoxins content and fungal community distribution in the harvesting and processing of Platycladi Semen, and explore the key link that affects aflatoxins contamination. The related Platycladi Semen samples of different maturity periods(cone non-rupture period, early rupture, and complete rupture period) and different processing periods(before drying, during 2-d drying, during 7-d drying, before and after seed scale removal, before and after peeling, 1 d after color sorting, and 7 d after color sorting) were collected for identifying the fungal community composition on sample surface by ITS amplicon sequencing. Then the content of aflatoxins B_1, B_2, G_1 and G_2 was determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that during the harvesting of Platycladi Semen from cone non-rupture to complete rupture, aflatoxins were only detected in the seed scale and seed coat, with aflatoxin G_2 in the seed scale and aflatoxin B_1 in the seed coat. During the drying, with the prolongation of drying time, aflatoxins B_1 and G_2 were detected simultaneously in the seed scale, aflatoxin B_1 in the seed coat, and low-content aflatoxin B_1 in the seed kernel. During subsequent processing, the aflatoxin content in seed kernel during subsequent processing was slighted increased. As demonstrated by fungal detection, Aspergillus flavus was not present during the harvesting of Platycladi Semen, but present during the drying and processing. Its content in the seed coat during the drying process was relatively higher. In short, Platycladi Semen should be harvested as soon as possible after it becomes fully mature. Drying process is the key link of preventing aflatoxin contamination. It is advised to build a sunlight room or adopt similar settings, standardize the operations in other processes, and keep the surrounding environment clean to minimize aflatoxin contamination.

Methods for synchronous detection of 14 mycotoxins in Pseudostellariae Radix and investigation on its contamination / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to establish a method for synchronous detection of 14 mycotoxins in Pseudostellariae Radix and investigate its contamination with mycotoxins, so as to provide technical guidance for monitoring the quality of Chinese medicinal materials and medication safety. The sample was extracted with 80% acetonitrile in an oscillator for 1 h, purified using the modified QuEChERS purifying agent(0.1 g PSA + 0.3 g C_(18) + 0.3 g MgSO_4), and separated on a Waters HSS T3 chromatographic column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm). The gradient elution was carried out with 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile, followed by the scanning in the multi-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode and the analysis of mycotoxin contamination in 26 Pseudostellariae Radix samples. The recovery rates of the established method were within the range of 82.17%-113.6%, with the RSD values less than 7% and the limits of quantification(LOQ) being 0.019-0.976 μg·kg~(-1). The detection rate of 14 mycotoxins in 26 batches of medicinal materials was 53.85%. The detection rate of sterigmatocystin(ST) was the highest, followed by those of zearalenone(ZEN), aflatoxin G_2(AFG_2), fumonisin B_1(FB_1), HT-2 toxin, and nivalenol(NIV). Their respective detection rates were 38.46%, 26.92%, 23.08%, 11.54%, 11.54%, and 7.69%, with the pollution ranges being 1.48-69.65, 0.11-31.05, 0.11-0.66, 0.28-0.83, 20.86-42.56, and 0.46-1.84 μg·kg~(-1), respectively. The established method for the detection of 14 mycotoxins is accurate, fast and reliable. The research results have very important practical significance for guiding the monitoring and prevention and control of exogenous fungal contamination of Chinese medicinal materials.

Application and progress in high-throughput sequencing technology for meat adulteration detection / 生物工程学报

Adulteration in meat products is a widespread issue that could lead to serious threats to public health and religious violations. Technology that offers rapid, sensitive, accurate and reliable detection of meat species is the key to an effectual monitoring and control against meat adulteration. In recent years, high-throughput sequencing-based DNA metabarcoding technology has developed rapidly. With the characteristics of being high-throughput, highly precise and high-speed, this technology can simultaneously identify multiple species in complex samples, thus offering pronounced advantages in the surveillance of adulteration in meat and meat products. Starting with an introduction of the major developments in the high-throughput sequencing technology in the past two decades, this review provides an overview of the technical characteristics and research methods of DNA metabarcoding, summarizes the application of DNA metabarcoding technology in meat adulteration detection over the last few years, discusses the challenges of using DNA metabarcoding technology in the detection of meat adulteration, and provides future prospects on the development of this technology.